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This article reports a bipolar polymer cathode material bearing azo benzene and diamine moieties for affordable and sustainable sodium-ion batteries. 

Despite extensive research efforts in developing aqueous rechargeable zinc metal batteries (RZMBs) as high-energy-density alternatives to both lithium ion and lithium metal batteries, the commercial prospects for RZMBs are still obfuscated by fundamental scientific questions. In particular, the electrode–electrolyte interphase properties and behaviors are still intensely debated topics in this field. In this review, we provide a comprehensive and thorough overview of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) and cathode electrolyte interphase (CEI) in aqueous RZMBs, with an emphasis on the formation mechanisms and characteristics of the SEI and CEI. We then summarize state-of-the-art techniques for characterizing the SEI/CEI to reveal the intrinsic correlation between the functionalities of the interphases and the electrochemical performances. Finally, future directions are proposed, including studies on aqueous SEI/CEI evolution as a function of pH and temperature, as well as SEI/CEI studies for high-energy-density and long-lifetime RZMBs.